![]() ![]() Instead, most visual representations of John Carter and Dejah Thoris dress them up in a leather jockstrap and boots or a bikini, respectively. We never see most characters put on actual clothing, unless they’re going out in a very cold climate.” Nevertheless, illustrations and cover art for the novels almost entirely ignore the universal nudity of Barsoom. Female Barsoomians normally wear nothing other than some jewelry. “Male Barsoomians rarely wear anything but a leather ‘harness’ on which they can hang their weapons, a utility pouch, and possibly a few ornaments. To define Pope Francis as a proportionalist, then, is to define him as a thoroughly traditional theologian within a theological tradition that has grounded some of its major dogmas on proportionalism.Įdgar Rice Burroughs’s Barsoom novels “are famous for the casual nudity of their characters, in almost any climate and under almost any circumstances,” science fiction writer John Alleyn summarized. Ambrose: after declaring the charging of interest to be “fraud and circumvention of the Law,” he then added a “but”: “Upon him whom you rightly desire to harm, against whom weapons are lawfully carried, upon him usury is legally imposed…where there is the right of war, there also is the right of usury.” Thomas Aquinas provided a structure for all arguments of proportionalism with the principle of double effect: “though proceeding from a good intention, an act may be rendered unlawful, if it be out of proportion to the end.” In a related fashion, Francis’s predecessor Benedict XVI described Christianity as “ the religion according to reason” and called for the reintegration of science and theology, asserting that the scientific ethos is “the will to be obedient to the truth, and as such, it embodies an attitude which belongs to the essential decisions of the Christian spirit.” Nevertheless, Benedict was unable or unwilling, for pragmatic reasons, to reexamine the church’s traditional stance that the purpose of sex is reproduction in light of increasing scientific evidence that the primary purpose of sex in humans is promoting prosocial behaviors. Augustine of Hippo propounded just war theory: “There are some exceptions made by the divine authority to its own law, that men may not be put to death…They who have…represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government, and in this capacity have put to death wicked men such persons have by no means violated the commandment, ‘Thou shalt not kill.'” Ambrose of Milan proposed the Exception of St. A recent column in the National Catholic Register, “ Understanding Pope Francis: It’s the Moral Theology, Stupid,” laid out the argument that “the most significant thing about this current papacy is the revolution in moral theology it seems to be embracing.” Citing examples of Francis’s clerical appointments, references to certain theologians, organizational decisions, and use of language in Amoris laetitia, the author suggests that the pope “seems favorably disposed to a form of moral theology that has been commonly referred to as ‘proportionalism’ or ‘consequentialism.’…Proportionalism denies that there are intrinsically evil acts and that the morality of an act can only be judged in the light of its outcomes or ‘consequences.’ Catholic proportionalists do not deny that there are indeed foundational moral principles (which is how it differs from a straight-up and unvarnished utilitarianism), but that in the light of a rational adjudication of potential likely outcomes, a moral principle can be denied as applicable in a particular instance if there is a ‘proportionate’ reason for doing so.”īy this definition, many of the keystone arguments in Catholic theology are examples of proportionalism, particularly with respect to the literal teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
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